Characterizing Suffrage

The struggle to achieve women’s suffrage often began at home. In the Victorian Era (1820-1914), women were celebrated as "angels of the house," and charged with setting moral examples for the children and the men in their family. Women's role as moral pillars of the home was called into question when women sought to exert their influence outside of the home, specifically through voting. Women who were seeking the vote attempted to appeal to cultural understandings of femininity by highlighting their roles as mothers and wives.

In two of the images below, you will see reference to John Bull, who embodied not only the country of England but the average English man. In one poster you see a woman offering him her aid as he is overwhelmed by social issues, and in another, you see Mrs. John Bull serving a hoard of young boys from a bowl labeled political help, and withholding it to help herself. These paint two different pictures of women, one shows an upright, well-dressed female figure acting magnanimously, and the other shows a woman taking her own rights, at the cost of causes characterized as children. The third poster in the series is an American poster, which shows the classic Kewpie dolls marching for their mother’s right to vote, listing the problems that call their mother’s attention. In this image, it isn’t a woman campaigning for her own rights, it is the children that she cares for, supporting her right to vote, insomuch as it affects her ability to care for them. 

Motherhood in the early 20th century was considered one of the virtuous roles of women. When women sought the vote en masse, anti-suffragists characterized them as old, ugly, and childless, or of being “unmotherly” and ignoring or abandoning their children. In these posters, of the two that focus on motherhood, one shows the children campaigning for their mothers, and the other shows a mother withholding from her children. Both suffragists and anti-suffragists fought over what made a woman motherly. While anti-suffragists believed that a woman's place was at home, suffragists believed in a woman's right to further her family's interests outside of the home through voting.

Give Mother the Vote

A poster depicting babies marching for their mothers' right to vote.

Rose O'Neill, the artist of "Give Mother the Vote", was a cartoonist and activist, who became famous through her Kewpie doll creations, which are depicted in this poster as the marching babies. She marched regularly for women's rights and used her status and the popularity of Kewpie dolls to gain support for the suffrage movement. In fact, at a 1914 rally in Nashville, Kewpie dolls wearing suffrage sashes were raised into the air. These cute drawings helped combat the stereotype of the feminist as masculine, old and ugly, but rather to relate suffrage to a doll that is nurturing and motherly. Although the Kewpie doll related to the domestic woman, these dolls brought joy and further attention to the suffrage movement, calling all girls and women to support the cause.

Won't you let me help you, John?

A poster featuring a disgruntled man, and a woman, not fully facing each other or the audience. The bottom text reads “Won’t you let me help you, John?”

Designed by Joan Harvey Drew in 1903, this poster depicts the character of John Bull, who was at the time a widely recognizable anthropomorphic version of Great Britain. Created in the 18th century John Bull was a prosperous farmer and characterized as “the typical English man”, being described as down to earth and hard-headed. In the poster, we see this hard-headedness at play in John Bull’s resistance to the help of the woman, labeled women’s suffrage. A variety of problems surround John Bull, being blasted at him from trumpets. These problems are largely social and political, ranging from old age pensions to peace proposals. This reflects the attitude of women bearing some of the weight and responsibility of decisions that would affect the entire country. The portrayal of John Bull in anguish and being assaulted by problems from all sides, when the figure of women’s suffrage was so unburdened acted as both an expression of feminine strength and a reminder of the many problems faced by English men and women.

Votes for Women

Postcard showing a girl holding up a finger to a boy and poem: For the work of a day, for the taxes we pay, for the laws we obey, we want something to say.

The girl on this postcard is depicted as sassy, waving her finger at the boy, demanding her right to have a voice in government. She looks innocent, which is similar to the power behind Kewpie dolls. This allowed the artist to increase support for a controversial cause through non-offensive artwork. The depiction of a little girl demanding more rights isn't seen as aggressive, but rather playful. These postcards became popular during the early 1900s and were sent on all occasions to increase support of the movement. However, these postcards resulted in anti-suffragists sending out their own postcards, in which they changed "Votes for Women" to "No Votes for Women," mocking the movement.

Mrs. John Bull

A woman stands at a table surrounded by boys while holding a spoon in a bowl labeled "political help".

Dora Meeson was a cartoonist and illustrator for women's suffrage. She was from Australia but was an elected member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters in London, England. She was also a member of the British Artists' Suffrage League. Written on the boys' shirts are different political and social parties and organizations. She is implying that the government only focuses on men's interests and not those of women. Meeson was a very powerful activist and illustrated many other suffrage cartoons. A representation of her banner was used on the design of the Australian 2003 dollar coin celebrating the centenary of women's suffrage. 

A picture of the coin can be found here

A Female Suffrage Fancy

Composite of eight caricatures showing women dressing and interacting in society as men; drinking; voting for handsome candidates; driving ugly men from the polls; and a domestic scene showing a man taking care of children.

This poster was created to depict women acting like their husbands, in order to support the anti-suffrage cause. These anti-suffragists believed that women that act like men would take advantage of that power and leave their husband and children behind. Posters such as these grew more vocal as the suffrage movement grew, and anti-suffrage artwork found its way into newspapers and magazines. Joseph Keppler, the artist, was a famous American caricaturist, born in Vienna, Austria. He was the founder of Puck, a magazine known for its witty cartoons. His work covered many political topics, including women's suffrage, and was seen by many, therefore impacting American's views on the suffrage movement.

The new woman - wash day

Stereograph showing posed cliché of a "New Woman" in knickers smoking a cigarette and watching a man wash laundry in the tub.

This Stereograph created in 1897 is a depiction of a man washing clothes while a woman dressed masculinely watches. In the late 19th century laundry was one of the biggest jobs a woman undertook regularly. Often taking multiple days due to the layered nature of clothing at the time, washday was the realm of the woman. In this photograph we see a man doing laundry, which is not only emasculating for the time but also a visceral upset of gender norms. The woman’s clothing would also be considered wildly inappropriate because of their masculine nature, the way her leg is posed on the chair, which highlights her defined ankle, would be reminiscent of the feminist fashion of bloomers, which were scandalous for exposing the feet of women. This image is wholly one of antagonism, to some people it might look rather amusing, but at the time many men (specifically middle and upper-class white men) would find the idea of participating in women’s work terrifying.

Sources

Barlow, Jayne. “Joan Harvey Drew (1876-1961) and Her Sisters,” 2019. https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/subjects/womens-suffrage/suffrage-biographies/joan-harvey-drew-1876-1961-and-her-sisters/.

Cooke, Alistair. “Founders of the Primrose League (Act. 1883–c. 1918).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, May 19, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/42172.

Coquillon, Naomi. “Mothers and Daughters in the Movement,” August 26, 2020. https://blogs.loc.gov/families/2020/08/suffrage-movement/.

Franklin, Harper. “1890-1899,” August 1, 2019. https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1890-1899/.

Johnson, Ben. “John Bull, Symbol of the English and Englishness,” 2014. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/John-Bull/.

National Endowment for the Arts. Creativity and Persistence: Art That Fueled the Fight for Women's Suffrage. NEA, 2020.

Solomon, Adina. “The Prolific Illustrator Behind Kewpies Used Her Cartoons for Women's Rights.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, March 15, 2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/prolific-illustrator-behind-kewpies-used-her-cartoons-womens-rights-180968497/.

“‘Tell Every Man You Know You Want to Vote.’” "Tell Every Man You Know You Want to Vote" | New York Heritage. https://nyheritage.org/exhibits/recognizing-womens-right-vote/%E2%80%9Ctell-every-man-you-know-you-want-vote%E2%80%9D.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Brittanica. “Joseph Keppler.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., n.d. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Keppler.